1931 Yorktown Commemorative Postage Stamp

A two cent stamp issued to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Yorktown was first issued October 19, 1931. These beautiful commemorative stamps were place on sale at the post offices in Yorktown, Virginia and Wethersfield, Connecticut. At the time of "First Day of Issue" stamp collectors could send up to 10 addressed letters for first day of issue cancellation. The Yorktown stamps were placed on sale elsewhere, October 20, 1931.

Why Wethersfield, Connecticut and Yorktown, Virginia? Wethersfield was the home of Silas Deane. Deane did more than anyone else to enlist the aid of France in the cause of the American Revolution. The town was also the place where plans for the battle of Yorktown were made by General George Washington and others who participated in the battle.

Yorktown Commemorative Postage Stamp are rectangular in shape and printed in two colors. The background being red and the three portraits composing the central design in black. In a horizontal line across the top of the stamp are the words "United States Postage" in small letters. Directly below on a white ribbon panel in red lettering is the word "Yorktown" in the center with the dates on either side, "1781" at the left and "1931" on the right. At the base of the stamp in a small panel with curled scrolls at either end is the word "Cents" in white letters. In each lower corner in a small panel is the numeral "2" in white.

Extending across the center of the stamp are three ovals, which are the images of Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur Rochambeau, George Washington and Francois Joseph Paul Compte de De Grasse.

The battle of Yorktown was certainly a turning point in the American Revolution. Like the Polish Count Casimir Pulaski's 2 Cent U.S. Commemorative Stamp which honors the Polish contribution to the American Revolution, the Yorktown stamp honors the French contribution.

Browse a huge selection of Yorktown Commemorative Stamps, First Day Covers and postcards at our new shopping website http://www.LunchTimeShopper.com where you can find what you want in 30 minutes or less! Including U.S. and World Stamps.

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Stamping Concrete-do it yourself and Save Money

Concrete-Do It Yourself and Save Money

You will want to start out by picking your colors. Some folks think that this can be one of the most complicated parts of stamping concrete. But as long as you are not to picky I’ll show you how pick out your colors. You may choose to start off with color swatches, the best way I have found to pick your color from a color swatch is to pick a color from the swatch and then go back one or two colors to get the actual color that you want. This is very similar to picking out a color that you want to paint a room. There are many variables such as indoor lighting and the other colors in the room (sofa’s, rugs drapes etc.) that you wish to paint. I am sure that you have picked out a color at the paint store and started to paint your room and suddenly you noticed it just doesn’t seem to match the color you picked from the color swatch, from the paint store. This is what I call perceived vision.

If you can understand what I have just mentioned this also applies to picking out a color for your stamped concrete job, there are many variables of perceived vision, such as sunlight and surrounding colors, such as the color of your house, landscaping and grass. One other way to pick your colors is to visit your decorative concrete supplier and check out some of the samples or photos they may have hanging on there wall. You may ask them or any one else if they know of somewhere there is a stamped concrete project is at so you can see the actual finished project and see for yourself how it either blends or contrast with the surrounding landscape.
Let’s start pouring and finishing your stamped concrete project, I suggest that you start with no more than 100 square feet. First, let the concrete truck driver put the color into the concrete truck for you, and let it mix for at least 10 minutes. Often you may notice some streaking of the color as it comes out of the concrete truck, not to worry. You will want some color differences as this will resemble the natural colors of what ever impressions or stamp that you have chosen for your project. For example if you look at a rock you will notice that it has many shades of the same color and often some other colors. Your next step will be to insert the concrete into your forms, you will need what is called a screed board or a 2”x 4”, the purpose of a screed board is to level out the concrete inside of your forms and to also knock down the aggregate or rocks inside the cement. Drop the wet concrete inside your form work and leave it about a ½” higher than the top of your forms. A good way to get a rough grade is to use a tool called a concrete rake or a square edged shovel will do. After you have gotten the concrete ½” above your form work you can start the “screed” process. You will definitely need someone to help you with this process. After you have found someone to help you, here is what needs to be done. Each person will get on one side of the screed board, as each of you will start to pull the concrete towards the end of the form work leveling as you go along. At this point you will need a bull float to close the surface of the concrete. Generally you will run the bull float from top to bottom across the concrete overlapping each previous pass approximately 50% and then repeat the process from side to side. Do not worry about getting it completely flat, as once you begin to stamp it will not be flat at all. Do not get hung up on small dips or small elevation changes in the concrete. Now you may begin to edge the perimeter of the concrete with an edging tool, again do not get hung up on doing this perfect, especially if this is your first time. Now you will run a fresno across your project in the same manner as the bull float.
Ok you are ready to stamp your project. Before the concrete truck gets there, you will want to pour the liquid release into a garden sprayer and also get yourself some surface retardant and do the same. Liquid release simply allows you to place the rubber stamp onto the concrete without removing the finish of your concrete, the surface retardant will slow the setting time of the concrete if you feel you are getting a little behind. Simply spray the area you will be placing your stamp with liquid release and the stamp itself before you place the stamp onto the concrete. You will not want to spay the entire project at once as this will speed up the setting time of the concrete and it will more than likely dry up before you get to the end of your project. Lay each stamp down and set the next stamp tight against the stamping mat that is already on the concrete, making sure that the handles on the stamps face the same direction. If you have help it is best to designate a specific role for each person. What I mean by that is, one person will spray the liquid release, one person shall pick up and place the stamp mats and the other person will actually step on the mat and make sure it has left a good impression. Repeat this process until you reach the end. One other thing you might do while your stamping is to use a roller tool to flatten out the bead that will form when you place the mats together. You may also want to do this process with a hand grinder after the concrete sets.
Let your project cure (set) for about 3-5 days and it is time to add secondary colors or the antique stage. For this you will need to pick out an antique agent, I suggest you use charcoal or grey for your first time. You will also need to get some xylene, one gallon for every 80_90 square feet. You will then add 5 tbsp. of antique agent to the xylene in a 1 gallon garden sprayer and stir or shake for about 45 seconds. In a circular motion spray the secondary colors, or antique, onto the stamped concrete project, ( spray only a small area at first, let it dry and you should see a light dusting on top of your project) keeping in mind to spray some areas thicker that others, while being careful not to spray it on to thick, this will give you a more natural looking finish.
Let the xylene dry and apply two coats of; non-yellowing, solvent based acrylic sealant. Your project will be a lot darker when you apply the sealant than you anticipated, not to worry, the sealant also needs to cure. Within a day or two it will lighted up to your perceived vision.
If you have further questions about this process you may visit my web site for further details. I am at www.howtocrete.com How to Crete

Tips When Planning To Buy Rubber Stamp Materials

Rubber stamping allows you to create beautiful and unique artwork. One of the many reasons rubber stamping has grown in popularity is the flexibility and variety involved in choosing and using rubber stamp materials. Another reason is that rubber stamp techniques can be applied to the popular crafts of scrap-booking, card making, and other paper arts. Anyone can become intimidated when purchasing rubber stamp materials, here are a few helpful suggestions that can make it easier.

The three main components of stamping are the stamps themselves, the paper, and the ink. Stamps can be place on wood mounts, or acrylic mounts. Acrylic mounts are newer, and a popular version are the clear mounts, which let you see precisely where to stamp. If you are a beginner, a clear version will give you more ability to see exactly where you'll be stamping, helping you to eliminate mistakes. Because of smudging issues with acrylic stamps, its important you get a high quality stamp, which will give you the clearest image and the cleanest lines.

Wood mounts with natural rubber stamps are extremely popular, and the natural rubber will soak the ink very well and give you a very crisp and defined image. However, rubber mounts can take up a lot of space when storing. If you are planning to use wood mounts, you may want to consider buying unmounted stamps, as there are many advantages. Unmounted stamps can be purchased in sheets, and there is a cost savings as you are purchasing more than one stamp. Another cost savings, if you order online, is the cost saved with a lower shipping weight. Unmounted stamps are very versatile, they are backed with a static cling mounting foam, or magnets, and then can be mounted on either wood or acrylic blocks.

While there are many choices, you may want to try different techniques at first, and find out which ones your most comfortable with. However, different stamps work better with certain applications. Foam stamps, for example, work well on fabric. If you are planning to insert a rubber stamp as part of an in-depth, multi-layered scrapbook design, you may want to go with a clear acrylic stamp, so there will be no mistakes. Natural rubber stamps work well for card making and other small paper projects.

While many rubber stampers purchase their materials online, you may want to first visit a crafting store so you can test and get a closer look at many of the different materials that are available. Once you settle on your favorites, it will be easier to comparison shop online. Magazines and catalogues are also good sources for creative rubber stamp inspiration. While the tools used for rubber stamping can be considered basic, the final product will only be limited by your imagination.

Amy Wells writes about effective rubber stamping tips and techniques. Looking for stamping supplies? Find discounted, high quality rubber stamps and supplies at: http://www.BuyRubberStamp.com

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Concrete Anchors That Should Be Used in Solid Concrete Applications

The terms "concrete anchor" and "concrete fastener" are generally used interchangeably although by definition, they are not the same. An anchor will work better in some applications while at other times; fasteners should be used to complete the job. Before starting any project, be certain to choice the one that will finish the job in the most effective and safe manner possible.
The term concrete anchor refers to a heavy duty type of anchor that is usually of a larger diameter. These diameters include 5/8", 3/4", 7/8", 1" and 1-1/4". A concrete fastener should be used in lighter duty applications and are available in diameters including 3/16", 1/4", 3/8" or 1/2". The distinction made here is just to explain the difference between the two. Throughout this article, the terms concrete anchors and concrete fasteners will be used interchangeably.
Anchors can be used in a base material of concrete, brick or block. Because many of these anchors can also be used in brick and block, they are sometimes described as masonry anchors or fasteners. There are three types of concrete fasteners that can only be used in solid concrete. These are the wedge , drop-in and the strike anchor. The wedge and strike anchor are both male type or stud anchors and the drop-in anchor is a female type. These concrete anchors will be the focus of this article.
The Concrete Wedge Anchor
Types of Wedge Anchors
Concrete wedge anchors are made from zinc-plated carbon steel, hot-dipped galvanized carbon steel, 303 stainless steel or 316 stainless steel. The choice of plating or type of steel is dependent upon the corrosive resistance required for each specific application. Zinc plated carbon steel offers some rust resistance, hot-dipped galvanized anchors are excellent rust resistors and the 303 and 316 stainless steel fasteners provide superior rust resistance.
Wedge Anchor Uses
Zinc plated anchors are for indoor use or applications where the anchor will not be subjected to the elements. The hot-dipped galvanized anchor is primarily used outdoors in mild climates where the anchor will be subjected to water. Stainless steel anchors are usually used in areas where the anchor will be submerged in water or exposed to other caustic materials.
Determining the Right Length of Wedge Anchors
The wedge anchor comes in 9 different diameters ranging from 1/4" to 1-1/4". The length of the anchor required is determined by the thickness of the material being fastened, plus the minimum embedment for the diameter anchor being used, plus the height of the nut and washer. The height of the nut and washer is roughly equal to the diameter of the anchor itself. For example, the nut and washer for a 5/8" wedge anchor is approximately 5/8" high. Below is a chart indicating the minimum embedment for each diameter:
Diameter 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" 7/8" 1" 1-1/4"
Min. Embedment 1-1/8" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2-1/4" 2-3/4" 3-1/4" 3-7/8" 4-1/2" 5-1/2"
So with this information, to determine the length required for a 5/8" diameter wedge anchor, fastening a 2" thick fixture:
2" (thickness of material) + 2-3/4" (minimum embedment) + 5/8" (space for nut and washer) = 5-3/8" minimum anchor length
Based on available lengths of the 5/8" diameter wedge anchor, you would need a 5/8" x 6" wedge anchor.
Drilling a Hole for a Concrete Wedge Anchor
The diameter of the hole to be drilled in the concrete is the same diameter of the anchor being used. The hole should always be drilled using a hammer drill and a carbide-tipped drill bit. Always be careful when handling any power tools and wear the appropriate safety gear such as goggles. Before inserting the anchor into the hole, clear the hole of all debris. Carefully hammer the wedge anchor into the hole to the desired depth. To protect the threads of the wedge anchor, place the washer in the hole and thread the nut a couple of turns before hammering in the wedge anchor. Once in place, the anchor is set into the concrete by tightening the nut- this pulls the anchor up, wedging the clip between the steel of the wedge anchor and the concrete. It is recommended that the nut be tightened utilizing a torque wrench to assure it is tightened to the required torque value.
The Concrete Strike Anchor
Strike Anchor Types
The strike anchor is the only other male concrete fastener that is designed for use in solid concrete only. These anchors are manufactured from carbon steel with yellow zinc plating. Unlike concrete wedge anchors, the strike is not available hot-dipped galvanized or in stainless steel.
Sizing of Strike Anchors
Strike anchors are available in six different diameters ranging from 1/4" to 3/4". The length of the anchor required is determined by the thickness of the material being fastened, plus the minimum embedment for the diameter of anchor being used, plus the height of the nut and washer. The height of the nut and washer is roughly equal to the diameter of the nut itself. Below is a chart displaying the minimum embedment for each strike anchor:
Diameter 1/4 5/16 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4"
Min. Embedment 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3"
As an example, the length of strike anchor needed for attaching a 1-1/2" fixture, using a 1/2" concrete strike anchor:
1-1/2" (thickness of material) + 2" (minimum embedment) + 1/2" (space for nut and washer) = 4" minimum anchor length
Based on the available lengths of 1/2" diameter strike anchors, the correct size would need a 1/2" x 4-3/4" strike anchor.
Drilling Holes for Concrete Strike Anchors
The appropriate diameter of the hole to be drilled is the same diameter as the strike anchor being used. The hole should always be drilled using a hammer drill and a carbide-tipped drill bit. Before inserting the anchor into the hole, clear the hole of all debris. Then, with nut, washer and set-pin in place, insert the strike anchor into the hole. The strike anchor is set by driving the pin down through the hollowed-out center stud, thus spreading the anchor at the opposite end of the threads. Using a proper sized hammer, set the pin with several sharp and square strikes on the head until the pin is flush with the top of the anchor. The anchor is properly set when the head of the pin meets the stud.
Should I use a Wedge of Strike Anchor?
Determining whether to use a concrete wedge anchor or strike anchor is simply a matter of personal preference. Both anchors have essentially the same holding values. However, the wedge anchor's pull-out and shear values are a little better and more consistent than that of the strike anchor. The wedge is also more popular merely due to the availability of diameters, lengths and materials. The strike is preferred when the application requires all the anchors to protrude from the concrete in equal lengths, resulting in a clean and consistent finished look.
The Drop-In Anchor
Types of Concrete Drop-In Anchors
The drop-in anchor is the only female type anchor designed for use in solid concrete only. Drop-in anchors are manufactured from carbon steel that is zinc plated and are also available in 304 or 316 stainless steel. Making the choice between carbon zinc and stainless steel depends entirely upon the end use and the degree of rust resistance required. Zinc plated carbon steel offers some basic rust resistance, 304 stainless steel affords better rust resistance and 316 stainless steel provides superior rust resistance.
Drop-In Anchor Diameters
There are 5 diameters of drop-in anchors available - 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8" and 3/4". The diameter of the anchor refers to the inside diameter or the diameter of the bolt/threaded rod that is inserted into it. Each diameter is only available in one length and the minimum embedment for each anchor is equal to the anchor's length. The drop-in anchor is designed to sit flush with the base material and requires that a bolt or threaded rod be inserted into it. Before inserting the drop-in anchor into the hole, clear the hole of all debris. To set the anchor, simply drop the anchor into the predrilled hole and tap lightly with a hammer until the anchor is flush with the base material. Insert the proper sized setting tool into the drop-in anchor, and strike the setting tool until the lip of the anchor touches the lip of the setting tool. This will insure that the anchor is properly set.
Overview
Again, these three anchors are the only mechanical type anchors that are designed for use in solid concrete only. These concrete anchors cannot be used in brick or block based material. They provide the best, most consistent holding values among these types of fasteners. Determining which of these fasteners to use is dependent upon the application, the amount of rust resistance required desired finished look and personal preference.
Article Written By: Bob Carlisle, President of Concrete Fasteners
Concrete Fasteners, Inc has over 40 years experience selling concrete fasteners. We ship to all 50 states and many countries. We can ship out one box or a whole pallet of concrete anchors. Our products are of the highest quality, "your satisfaction is guaranteed." We ship all orders the same day order is received.
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Stamp Collecting – not Just for Kids

Stamp Collecting – Not Just for Kids
Starting a stamp collection can be a rewarding and fun hobby. Not just for kids anymore, stamp collecting – or philately – has become one of the world’s oldest and most popular forms of collecting. The advantages of stamp collecting include:

• Learning about stamps which have been issued by other countries of the world over the years
• Appreciating stamps as works of art – colourful, well-printed, and well-designed
• Understanding the purpose of the stamp – whether it is to commemorate famous people or events, flowers, railways, flags, or space and sport

Stamp Collection

Stamp collections can provide both entertainment and education. By learning about all the stamps which have been issued by the countries of the world, you can begin to understand another country’s geography and history. Stamps collection is also a practical way to learn the politics, religion, and everyday way of life in different parts of the world. Stamps also open a world of education in a country’s postal services and postal history, transport systems, and the significance of postmarks.

Want to Start Collecting?

Many stamp collectors have advice for those looking to get into the stamp collecting scene, however, the best advice to the novice is to buy the largest packet of whole-world stamps you can afford. Also, consider buying with this purchase, a medium-priced album and some ‘hinges’ to mount the stamps. By buying a large amount of stamps at first, you can then go through most of the stamps, identifying those which you don’t believe you can find in the stamp collectors catalogue for identifying purposes.

Sources of Stamps

To keep your stamp collection moving along, there are several different types of stamps and locations to pursue:

• Persuade your friends to save your stamps from those letters mailed to them from abroad
• You can buy stamps from the UK Post – several times a year, the UK Post will issue special stamps for those interested in collecting
• There are several stamp magazines where you can see and meet other collectors
• Review the online stamp collecting websites for forums and discussion on where to get the latest stamp collection tips

Stamp Collecting and Increasing Worth

Over the years, as stamps age and their rarity increase, the worth of the stamp can increase tenfold. The condition of the stamp is vitally important to its worth. Nothing detracts more from the value of a stamp than a crease, tear, or heavy postmark. Damaged stamps are generally considered useless and worthless, so be wary of your collection when adding stamps.

If you are looking to make the most of your stamp collection, have unused stamps in their original gum as issued by the post office. Also, the ideal postmark is light and clear, as heavy postmarks decrease the value of the stamp by large amounts.

If you are already realizing that there is much more to stamp collecting then first thought, you are right! Stamp collecting can be extremely rewarding if you take the time to pursue it as a serious hobby. Consider learning more about your planet and start your stamp collection today.